Victorian England Essay Example

Victorian England Essay Charles Dickens the author of Great Expectations was born in 1812 in Portsmouth; he was the second child of six. His father was a clerk in the Navy pay office; he was often in debt and ended up in Marshabea prison. Charles was lucky enough in such difficult circumstances to have a few years of schooling before he was sent to work in a friend of the family. Charles worked in this Factory for seven shillings a week. It seems that it was from this background that Dickens drew from for most of his writings. It is evident that real people he had met during his life inspired the plots and characters in his novels. As Charles family wealth increased he again went back to school after finishing school he started work as a solicitors clerk, he then progressed as a court reporter it was at this stage in his life that he started supplementing his income by writing. This essay will focus on the settings in which this novel takes place and how they are described and depicted, it will also look at how these settings relate to the characters in the plot and their personality traits. The settings will also be examined in terms of the life and times of Victorian England. Dickens is famous for his use of language to describe people, places and features of the landscapes in which his novels take place. In this essay I will examine two major points about Dickens use of language to create characters, firstly through characternym and secondly through using descriptive language and imagery to convey the mood of particular scenes. The opening scene of Great Expectations is set in a graveyard on the Kent marshes; the main character Pip is visiting his mothers grave. Pip, is an orphan and is being raised by his abusive sister and her husband, Joe Gargery the kindly village Blacksmith. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian England specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Suddenly in the fist scene Pip is grabbed by an escaped convict, Magwitch who is hiding in the graveyard, who cried out Keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throat! , the convict is trying to force Pip to aid him he pesters Pip about where he lives, demanding food and a file to break his chains. Pip is terrified and informs the convict that his Mother is nearby; the convict reacts by suddenly starting to run away from Pip, then he stops and looks over his shoulder realising there is nobody there he continue his aggressive line of questioning. The language that Dickens uses to describe the scene of the graveyard creates a bleak and eerie atmosphere to the setting; it is very bleak and depressing the way things are depicted. The convicts appearance is described in great detail, his poor and rough demeanour are emphasised over and over again using different examples of the way he has been afflicted by nettles, stones flints etc. Also Dickens uses lots of descriptive words to really put across the state of the man and to invoke a strong sense of his appearance.

The Amendments of the Bill of Rights essays

The Amendments of the Bill of Rights essays The Bill of Rights, consisting of ten amendments, was ratified into the constitution in the year 1791. The document's purpose was to spell out the liberties of the people that the government could not infringe upon. Considered necessary by many at the time of its development, the Bill of Rights was written to protect U.S. citizens from abuse of power that may be committed by the different areas of their government. It does this by expressing clear restrictions on the three branches of government laid out previously in the Constitution. Each amendment either states what the government cannot do or limits its powers by providing certain procedures that it must abide by. The Bill of Rights expresses civil liberties-liberties that are for the people and states that the government cannot take action that would go against or infringe upon on these rights. The First Amendment guarantees the people the freedom of expression, which includes the freedoms of religion, speech, press, and assembly, as well as the right "to petition the government for a redress of grievances." The original reason for adopting the First Amendment was that the first settlers who came to the Americas in search of religious toleration and political asylum wanted to make sure that injustices would never happen again. The Second Amendment is the right to bear arms. This amendment was added to the Bill of Rights so that Congress could not pass laws to disarm state militias. The Third Amendment is the prohibition against the quartering of troops in private homes. The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth amendments all protect a person who is a suspect in crime from being treated unfairly. The Fourth Amendment prevents against unlawful search and seizure. It prevents police and other government officials from searching people's homes, offices, and from seizing their property wit hout reasonable grounds to believe that a crime has been committed. The Fifth Amendment has five important p...

Investment opportunities and risks in stock markets Literature review

Investment opportunities and risks in stock markets - Literature review Example With the EPFs emerging as a vital source of capital inflow for the developing countries, an array of issues arises regarding this pattern of investment. It is of prime importance to understand the diversification benefits accruing to an investor from investing in the developing countries and the returns to stocks of these emerging markets. Investors and researchers are concerned about the level of integration of these markets with the financial markets of the industrially advanced countries. Several research works have been conducted in the past to investigate about the process of integration between these markets and to understand the changes appearing in the risk-return features of emerging markets. This helps in the understanding of the individual investor’s reaction to the changes in organization of financial markets and the changes in her behaviour in favourable and unfavourable economic conditions. Sufficient research papers are available, that present their findings rel ated to the developed industrial countries. It has been found that there is a lack in recent researches concerning the stock market scenario and market returns in the emerging economies. This essay focuses on reviewing the existing literature on the risks and benefits accruing from investment activities in the developing economies and comparing it with the risks and benefits associated with investing in the advanced stock markets of the world. The diversification benefits are investigated and the correlation between the advanced and emerging stock markets is studied through this literature review. Review There are several reasons that provoke investors to seek diversified and long-term exposure to the emerging financial markets. Social as well as demographic trends are fundamental to the growth of emerging economies and the development of investment prospects in those markets. Recent researches show that the influence of the financial crisis of the US and the Euro zone has been felt more severely in the developed nations rather than on the developing countries. As a matter of fact, a few emerging financial markets are demonstrating a high degree of stability that is historically associated with the mature economies. This is an outcome of rapid evolution, which shows that the investment conditions are also evolving at a fast pace. Many investors of the developed countries such as the United States consider the emerging economies, like, Brazil, India, Russia and China to offer good investment opportunities. In fact, some other smaller markets, such as, Philippines and Indonesia, are emerging that put forward noteworthy opportunities to equity investors. But while choosing the market in which to invest, the investor require the understanding of the differences and parity among the emerging markets, and must not group them together. The investors have to weigh the currency strength of the country in which they are deciding to invest along with the stability of the country’s government (TIAA CREF, 2013). Rationale behind investing in developing countries According to Henry and Kannan (2008), two rationales emerge out of conventional theories pertaining to investment in risky assets, such as stocks, in developing countries. Th

Why did i choose to study anesthesia technician Essay

Why did i choose to study anesthesia technician - Essay Example What I have finally determined and realized is that I would like to be directly involved in working within a health care environment, as opposed to the previous business organizations that I have served. As long as I can remember, I was always intrigued by facets relating to medicine and health care; and my shelves are filled with medical books that perfectly coexist with other literary works; among which are Practical Doctor Dictionary and Jane Eyre, Avicenna, Castaneda. The working experiences I had for various organizations such as an auditing firm, the Rublev and K, the Bryansk Federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Bryansk Branch â€Å"Turboremont† Gazprom, and the TA billing office UMUC in Germany, all focused on my competencies within the finance and accounting functions. Although I acknowledge my responsibilities as crucial in ensuring that the internal funds of these organizations are appropriately in order and properly managed, the fulfillment that I long to experience within a health care environment is not achieved. I felt that there remains a void to needs to be filled and the quest for changing direction in one’s profession would satisfy this need. My search for entry to the health care endeavor has been addressed as I looked closely in the which promises to develop my skills in the areas of preparation of much needed medications, setting up of equipment, as well as maintenance of anesthesia supplies. I am actually looking forward to having hands-on experiences working with patients who need to be prepared for anesthetic procedures. I recognize that my contribution would be beneficial for the treatment of patients seeking improvement in their health conditions and overall wellbeing. Eventually, I see myself as seeking higher personal and professional goals using this career path to obtain additional certifications and the opportunity to

Financial Crisis and Their Possible Solutions Essay

Financial Crisis and Their Possible Solutions - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that financial crisis affected most parts of the world. It began in the US after the Difficulties in the US submarine market that had rapidly rocketed and spilled all over the world. Bordo et al find that the frequency of the financial crisis is higher than the previous one and can be comparable only to the Great Depression. It had detrimental impacts on different sectors of the economy in all countries. Reinhart, Reinhart and Rogoff have, in the past years documented the effects of the banking crisis that are typically proceeding by credit booms and asset price bubbles. They note that on average 35% real drop in housing prices stretch over a to almost six years. Equity prices fall over 55% over a period of 3 years, while output in those countries fall by 9% in two years, unemployment increases by 7% in four years while an 86% debt increase based on the pre-crisis level. Many models have documented the effects of the financial crisis. Adrian and Shin, Brunnermeier have documented a thorough review of the events preceding the financial crisis in late 2007 and early 2008. They note that the seeds of financial crisis can be traced back to the low interest rates policies adopted by the Federal Reserve and other world central banks after the collapse of the technology stock bubbles. The need for the debt securities by Asian banking institutions aided in fuelling the economic crisis. Acting as financial intermediaries, banks channel funds to potential investors. Through the process of borrowing and lending, they benefit from a diversified portfolio of risk sharing. They also act as monitors (Diamond, 1984) and streamline loans to well-organized customers (Gorton and Kahn, 1994) and other vital roles in maturity transformations. This implies that in crisis, every banking institution becomes concerned. For instance, Dell Aricia and Rajan (2008) provide that banks’ grief contributes to a decline in credit and low GDP .Fur ther evidence provides that those sectors, which heavily depend on external financing, perform relatively dismal during the banking crises. These effects are stronger and severe in developing countries. In addition, the report note that over the last two decades, banking sector continues to be complex in its modes of operations. For instance, banks use various instruments to hedge risks. However, despite the complexity banks have remained sensitive to the panics and runs. Gorton (2008) note that holders of short-term liabilities feared to fund banks as they the anticipated losses in the sector could have in their securities. The recent research proposes two theories to give a tentative explanation on the causes of the bank panics and runs. One argues that panics are undesirable events caused by random withdrawals unrelated to the changes in the real economy. Bryant (1980) and Diamond and Dybig (1983) note that agents have uncertain needs that relates to consumption. If other deposit ors believe and can even further establish the slightest of evidence, then all the agents will find it rational and imperative to redeem their claims from banking institutions and will cause the panics and banks’ runs. Another theory explains that banking crises are natural outgrowth of the business cycle. An economic slump will reduce the value of the bank resources, heightening the possibility that banks are unable to meet

Introduction To Dual Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction To Dual Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay Over the last ten years in mental health, there has been a significant change and considerable debate about the definition of dual diagnosis, this terminology refers to a mental health disorder combined with substance misuse (Department of Health, 2002). This can cover a broad range of disorders from learning disabilities and substance abuse of legal or illegal drugs to severe mental illness such as schizophrenia and substance misuse of cannabis or alcohol (Department of Health, 2002). However in medicine dual diagnosis is an umbrella term, for a primary and secondary disorder for example diabetes and hypertension (Sowers Epstein, 1995) This research proposal will focus on the client group duality of psychosis and substance misuse of cannabis or alcohol. Psychosis can be defined as a severe mental health disorder in which thought and emotions are significantly impaired, whereby people can lose contact with reality. However the symptoms can vary between negative and positive, the negative symptoms can cause apathy, a reduction or absence of social skills, resulting in confused thoughts which impair their ability to concentrate or complete instructions. The positive symptoms can be defined as either visual or auditory hallucinations or delusional thoughts, where a person may have an undeniable belief in something false (National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2011). However substance abuse can aggravate psychosis leading to further hallucinations, which is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes, such as higher rates of relapse, increased hospitalisation (revolving door clients), suicide, housing issues and poorer levels of social functioning, such as poverty, violence, criminality and social exclusion, less compliance with treatment, greater service costs to National Health Service (NHS) or the criminal justice system and government services (Department of Health, 2007). More significantly The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 51,353 admissions of drug-related mental health disorders in 2010/11. These admissions have increased year on year and are now nearly twice as high as they were ten years ago, therefore families are at greater risk of having a family member diagnosed with dual diagnosis (The World Health Organization , 2012). Significantly the impact of the dually diagnosed within families is drastic, family dynamics are altered by challenging and difficult situations within the home, by displaying disruptive and aggressive behaviours (Biegel et al, 2007). Clearly people with dual disorders have strained interactions with their families. However when relationships are strained families might be less willing to help, the relative with dual diagnosis which could contribute to higher rates of homelessness and social problems (Clarke, R E; Drake, R E, 1994). Yet family members may have differing amounts of contact and distancing, because of the negative impacts of their behaviour. However someone in the family takes the role of main caregiver, being the person most directly linked to the caring of the dually diagnosed whilst care giving not only affects their QOL, it also impacts on possible depressive symptoms and research has indicated that care giving burden has a risk factor for early mortality (Biegel et al, 2007), (Marcon et al, 2012) (Walton-Moss et al, 2005) Yet a lack of social support, and informal and formal care, has been found to be the most important source that predicts the burden of family caregivers (Biegel et al, 2007) although informal caring occurs naturally within family relationships, which is typically unpaid, this goes beyond the caring expected of these relationships in contrast to a paid formal carer (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) additionally being a carer can raise difficult personal issues about duty, responsibility, adequacy and guilt (Shah et al, 2010). Research into the impact of care giving shows that carers suffer significant psychological distress and experience higher rates of mental ill health than the general population, the triggers for distress are as follows; worry, anger, guilt, and shame; financial and emotional strain; marital dissatisfaction, physical effects of the stress of living with a substance abuser (Biegel, et al 2007). However without the contribution of the UKs 6.4 million unpaid carers health and social care services would collapse. In 2037 its anticipated that the number of carers will increase to 9 million (Carers UK, 2012). Worldwide several authors have argued for service systems to acknowledge and address family members need to ensure their own well-being, as well as to ensure effective community support for people living with mental illness (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Igberase et al 2012) (Carey Leggatt, 1987). The last ten years have seen major reform of the law as it relates to carers; consequently families have been forced to give up work to care for their relatives. Family carers need assistance to prevent becoming unwell themselves (Carers UK, 2012). Therefore supporting carers must be a central part of government reform, which acknowledges the family as associated clients who desperately need support. This is paramount because relatives often know little about how the interactions between mental illness and substance misuse are interchangeable. Therefore families need practical information about dual disorders, to help recognise the signs of substance abuse, and strategies for its management for example medication adherence and recognising relapse triggers. Addressing these factors would enable the improvement in the dually diagnosed directly related to greater outcomes in the well-being of the family (Mueser Fox, 2002). Overview, context and background information relevant to topic It costs the UK Â £1.3 billion a year in carers benefits and lost taxes whereby family members are becoming increasingly responsible for providing support, although in 2012 the British government submitted the Care and Support Bill which will guide future services for caregivers. Families will no longer be treated as an extension of the person they are caring for, they will have a right to an assessment, this will give carers much better access to support them balance their caring roles and responsibilities (Carers UK, 2012). Yet informal carers may experience less choice about the discontinuation of care in comparison to volunteer or paid carers, possibly due to love of the family member and a sense of duty, it is essential that the family understand the facts about dual diagnosis, to have every hope for recovery of the family (Department of Health, 2007) Additionally health services should acknowledge the families by assessing them as associated clients so that carers can learn to recognise the triggers of caregiver burden and moreover be given general education and health promotion (Rethink, 2007). However in 2006, the College of Occupational Therapists (COT) announced a 10 year vision for occupational therapy in mental health which included by 2013 for practitioners to have extended their scope of practice across a range of agencies to meet the occupational needs of mental health services (COT, 2006) Statement of the problem proposed to be investigated The proposed research intends to investigate, what are the experiences of people who are carers for people with dual diagnosis? General aim(s) of the proposed research To find out how families cope living with someone with dual diagnosis? What are their biggest challenges? To identify the current experiences from the perspective of the carer regarding the impact of dual diagnosis, the burden; grief and the loss of their relative. Relevance, significance or need for the study The relevance to occupational therapy and the health service; carers are associated clients and therefore need to be taken into consideration when assessing this client group. Furthermore the lacking of occupational therapy literature in this area makes a clear case for the proposed research. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction to the chapter Literatures in dual diagnosis are largely separate, mainly based in substance abuse or mental health fields. However over the past decade, family work in dual diagnosis has been mainly focused on client outcomes and not the families well-being or quality of life QOL. However occupational therapy literature is also limited, lacking investigation of occupational needs identified from the families perspective. However a considerable amount of literature has been published on descriptions of occupational therapists roles by defining and establishing what an occupational therapist does within the multi-disciplinary team in mental health services, but not specifically to dual diagnosis (Brown, 2011) (Hyde, 2001)(Lloyd et al, 2008). Therefore it is beneficial for occupational therapists to have a better understanding of the families perspectives, as associated clients to enable additional support for the caregiver thus improving outcomes for the whole family. There is a plethora of literatures, on outcomes associated with family support for the dually diagnosed, the majority of studies examined the relationship between family involvement and client outcomes such as reduction in mental health symptoms, engagement in treatment services, lower hospitalisation rates, improved decrease in substance abuse, sustained remission (Clark, 2001) (Mueser Fox, 2002) (Biegel et al, 2007). Although the high service costs of treating the substance abuser and the frequent involvement of relatives in the lives of dually diagnosed clients, there are few resources to help clinicians engage and collaborate with families (Mueser Fox, 2002). This implies that families or informal carers can easily become the main source of care when treatment fails, the family being the last resort (Clark 2001). On the other hand, some research has shown that individuals with dual diagnosis are less satisfied with their family relationships than those with a severe mental illn ess alone (Kashner et al. 1991) and that receiving family support may exacerbate difficulties by increasing conflict (e.g. supply of additional money may be used for drugs, existing poor family dynamics worsen carer-client relationship). Conversely research is lacking in the support of families caring for the dually diagnosed (Biegel, et al, 2007) (Townsend, et al, 2006). In contrast families are often the most significant people in the dually diagnosed life, this unique relationship puts families in the central position of being able to encourage the dually diagnosed to take the necessary steps towards recovery by providing direct care such as practical help, personal care, emotional support as well as financial support (Clarke, R E; Drake, R E, 1994) (Shah et al, 2010) (Mueser Fox, 2002). The impact of mental illness on families is usually conceived in terms of caregiver burden, this experience may help determine the quality of life QOL for family members, the most significant being, isolation, coping with behavioural problems, and relationship problems between family members (Clark, 2001). Mueser et al, (2009) study of 108 families conducted a randomised control trial utilising Lehmans QOL interview instrument with satisfactory reliability and validity (Lehman, 1998) for the diagnosed, the caregiver was assessed using the family experiences interview schedule (FEIS) with established reliability and validity which did not incorporate the QOL for the family this was not addressed. The findings from this study found that motivating relatives, to participate in family intervention can address the disruptive effects. These stressors that affect quality of life include; worry, anger, guilt, and shame; financial and emotional strain; marital dissatisfaction, physical effects of stress of living with a substance abuser (Biegel et al, 2007). Additionally Biegel et al (2007) exploratory, non-experimental cross-sectional survey design conducted interviews / surveys with 82 females with dual diagnosis and 82 family members and considered the caregivers experience as moderate, and found that behavioural problems contribute to the burden affecting their quality of life, the strength of this study is acknowledging how substance abuse impacts on the role of care giving which was also tested by applying FEIS. Many studies of family carers of persons with mental health and or substance abuse issues consider how families quality of life is affected, the main themes highlighted that emerges throughout the reviewed literatures are caregiver burden which is documented as worry, anger, guilt, isolation, stress which results in a diminishment of QOL of family members (Biegel et al, 2007) (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Shah, Wadoo, Latoo, 2010) (Chan, 2010). Behavioural problems have been found to be the strongest predictor of caregiver burden across chronic illnesses (Biegel et al, 2007). In contrast Jokinen Brown, (2005) conducted a focus group study which included 15 subjects would argue that there are positive aspects of lifelong care giving and quality of family life, the study acknowledged the concerns for the health of all family members (Jokinen Brown, 2005). Research in the QOL of care giving highlights that carers suffer significant psychological, distress and experience higher rates of mental ill health than the general population. Therefore by improving the QOL of carers will likely to reduce caregiver burden that requires further research to explore the lived experiences of families living with the dually diagnosed (Shah et al, 2010). However, literatures addressing the family as a collective unit and the impact of care giving on each family members role is lacking therefore this literature reviews the research. The majority of family caregivers, mostly women report experiencing moderate to high levels of depression as well as stress, this type of informal care giving is taken on in addition to existing roles and responsibilities (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Biegel et al, 2007) (St-Onge Lavoie, 1997). Traditionally, informal care was supplied by women but nowadays women are not only more likely to work, but also likely to be significant contributors to family finances. For women, this implies that earnings will be lost due to informal care increasing. However women play a central role in care-giving which may impact on their well-being more than other members of the family (St-Onge Lavoie, 1997). Although according to shah et al (2010) women have higher rates of depression than men in the care-giving role (Shah et al, 2010). However male carers tend to have more of a managerial style that allows them to distance themselves from the stressful situation to some degree by delegating tasks (Shah et al, 2010). Significantly (Mays Holden Lund, 1999) Interviewed 10 male caregivers and the findings, men expressed their means of coping by being realistic and action-oriented in response to their feelings. However the effect of care giving on children can be considered by the physical changes to normal growth, for example migraines, inflammation of the lining of the colon, and ulcers (Biegel et al, 2007) (Townsend et al, 2006). Tracy Martin, (2006) examined the effects of dual diagnosis via cross-sectional survey design which examined the types of support provided by minor children and the differences in support perceived by the child versus the support perceived by the adult. The findings that the role of children is often ignored or neglected, the effects are referred to as a role reversal parental child or parentification thus resulting in negative developmental outcomes for the child, although a weakness with this study is the support perceived by the child is not the views of the children but by the mothers reporting on both, these findings represent a design bias (Tracy Martin, 2006). Significantly Rupert et al (2012) aim to identify the issues when engaging children whose parents have a dual diagnosis explored the perspectives of 12 children via semi-structured interviews. A strength with this study is that the authors were able to elicit the sensitive data ethically by gathering information about secrecy issues around their parents substance abuse and remaining loyal to their parents, children experience negative times spent with their parents, with family arguments and the knowledge of when the parent abuses substances these findings represent the need to acknowledge childrens perspectives as associated clients (Reuper et al, 2012). The authors acknowledge that the study does not recognise the other family members within the household that could provide an exploratory view of their perspective. Although the effect of care giving on siblings is lacking, Sin et al (2012) studied the phenomena of understanding the experiences of siblings of individuals with first episode psychosis. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 31 sibling participants researched that they had somehow lost their brother or sister as his or her character had changed since the onset of their diagnosis (Sin et al, 2012) Younger siblings were much more likely to cope by withdrawing and not getting involved, they often reported that they were not made aware of information and resources available to help with the situation and were also less likely to want to know about the illness (Sin et al, 2012). Strength of this study is the qualitative exploratory semi-structured interviews, and the themes that emerged although this study does not address the issues of substance abuse or the quality of life of the other family members. The gap in the literature is that quality of life does not consider the affects of mental health and substance abuse on the family. This paper has not been able to locate any studies that consider the qualitative exploratory lived perspectives of all family members living with the dually diagnosed, and the impact on their quality of life, therefore due to the lack of research on families living with the dually diagnosed this research seeks to explore their perspectives. To conclude Health professionals should focus on the familys environmental context, and their perceptions of their relative with mental illness, thus by assuming that each family is different, clinicians should evaluate how family dynamics can affect the families quality of life and how theses interactions impact in their plan of care (Walton-Moss et al, 2005). However, numerous studies have looked at the effects of family involvement on the outcomes of the dually diagnosed, current literatures are lacking on the quality of life of family members, and does not consider the effects of mental health and substance abuse on the family, this provided the focus for the present research. The relevance to occupational therapy The relevance to occupational therapy services is to lessen the burden on the carers so that they can continue in their caring role, being fully informed of diagnosis, relapse triggers, substance abuse, and the available services so that they can continue their caring role. Statement of aims To explore the perspectives of carers of clients with dual diagnosis To explore the perspectives of the carers regarding substance misuse To find out how carers cope, living with someone with dual diagnosis, what are their biggest challenges? Research question proposed to be investigated To explore the lived experiences of a family that lives with the dually diagnosed client. Chapter 3: Methodology Description and justification of research Design A qualitative semi-structured interview which utilises open ended questions, has been chosen because these methods lend themselves to exploring the familys perspective and meanings of living with the dually diagnosed, this will permit individual members of the family narrative to be acknowledged. Moreover the researcher will ask questions in similar ways to all participants, which will attempt to maximise the confidence in the research reliability and validity (Hicks, 2009). This method will attempt to understand a complex novel phenomenon, whereby the researcher needs to understand that the concepts and variables that emerge may be different from the aims, sought by the study (Pope Mays, 2006). In contrast focus groups were not chosen due to the consensus of a group of people rather than the individual perspectives from the family (Pope Mays, 2006). The research will be conducted in the participants home, due to purposive sampling methods in which sites are selected on the basis that they are typical of the phenomenon being investigated (Pope Mays, 2006: 115). This will attempt to justify the rationale for the research taking place in the home in environment (Pope Mays, 2006). Moreover purposeful sampling techniques will be used to obtain participants whereby the researcher identifies specific people to take part (Hicks, 2004). However an aspect which illustrates rigour can be identified through member checking, whereby cross-checking findings with participants, can help to refine explanations, and aims to reduce subjectivity in processing of data analysis (Pope Mays, 2006). Therefore Living with dual diagnosis through the families eyes, can be addressed by using semi-structured interviews whereby rigor can be associated with this type of approach, due to data collected from as many appropriate sources to provide in-depth information (Pope Mays, 2006). Indication and justification of required number of Participants The participants will be family members of the dually diagnosed client, that attend a community mental health daycentre. However this study acknowledges the stigma attached to mental health services, as recent studies have shown that public education campaigns on mental illness and the integration have done little to alter the stigma associated with mental health (Schulze Angermeyer, 2003). Conversely the recruitment of participants may rely upon their visit to the day centre or if not appropriate for them then the dually diagnosed participation at the centre and the passing on of the flyer or information about the study, requiring no attendance at the day centre is necessary, due to the research being conducted in the participants family home. However It is argued by Crouch McKenzie (2006) that for in-depth qualitative studies small numbers of cases facilitates the researchers association with the participants, and enhances the validity therefore a maximum of 20 participants in total will be recruited to allow sufficient time to analyse the collected data (Crouch McKenzie, 2006). However snowballing sampling, was not the chosen method of recruitment because recruited participants in the study, would refer and reccommend future participants (Patton, 2002). Organisation of access to and recruitment of possible participants Participants for this study will be obtained through voluntary participation advertised via flyers and posters at a community mental health daycentre (Appendix 7), the flyers will provide instructions for participants to contact the researcher, the purpose of the study; requirements to be a volunteer, and the time commitment of the volunteers will be listed on the flyer, once families (maximum total of 20 people) are recruited for the study, the researcher will remove the flyers and posters. When volunteers respond, a telephone screening interview, approximately 5 minutes per person, will be conducted to determine if the individual family members meet the inclusion criteria. Families that respond and meet the inclusion criteria will be consented and assented (if appropriate) and recruited to participate in the study. The researcher will speak with the families, and communicate with each family member to set up a meeting time and place that is convenient for all members (Pope Mays, 2006). Inclusion/exclusion criteria of participants The validation for the inclusion and exclusion criteria relies on the family homogeneity that they are composed of being related and living together, therefore similar participants may enable a more in-depth enquiry into their shared and distinctive experiences (Hicks, 2004) The inclusion criteria eligibility: a) Family member is living with the person diagnosed with dual diagnosis. b) Family member is capable of engaging in verbal communication pertaining to semi-structured interviews. c) Family member is above 16 d) A family consisting of two or more members (max 4) not including the dually diagnosed client. e) English speaking and capacity to reflect participate. The exclusion criteria: a) Family member is below the age of 16. b) The diagnosed family member with dual diagnosis. c) No mental disorders or substance misuse disorders. d) Non-English speaking or with a cognitive deficit disorder. The semi-structured interviews may discuss topics or issues which are sensitive to the participants, these difficulties can be averted by a procedure of gaining on-going consent and assent for the 16-18 year olds (appendix 2) (Wiles et al, 2007). If distress occurs then the researcher can either stop the activity or will move on to the next area. It will be made clear to participants that they can decline to answer any particular questions or discuss topics that they feel uncomfortable with and can leave the research at any time, additional support and information will be available (Wiles et al, 2007). Indication of Ethical issue relevant to the proposal The researcher should at all times respect the autonomy of the individual by allowing the participant the freedom from control or influence of the study. Additionally the researcher has a duty to uphold beneficence which is the obligation to maximise benefits and minimise harm (Domholdt, 2000). Justice should be maintained throughout which is the obligation to treat each person in accordance with what is morally right and proper, therefore informed consent and ascent will be obtained via the Participant Information Sheet (approximately 30 min) (Appendix 1). Once the inclusion criteria has been met and each of the participants agree to join the study, a meeting time and place for informed consent, form review and data collection can be scheduled. The researcher will review (1) the purpose of the study, (2) an explanation of the procedures including the interviews, and the interview process, (3) an explanation of possible benefits and/or risks or discomforts (4) Consent to audiotape semi-structured interview (amended consent form), and an explanation of the subjects rights and confidentiality, the subjects will be asked to repeat their understanding of the study and procedures in their own words. Once full understanding has been demonstrated of the purpose and procedures of the study, the researcher will ask the participants to sign the consent form. Research approval General approval to be sought from Brunel University Research Ethics committees. Ethical approval for the research study is to be obtained from Brunel University, additional permission to be sought from the community mental health day centre (gatekeepers) to recruit participants via flyers and posters (Brunel University West London, 2010). Discussion of ethical considerations related to participation and consent Due to possibility of participants being aged from 16-18 assent will be required which is a term for participants too young to give informed consent but who are old enough to understand the proposed research, including the expected risks and possible benefits, and the activities expected of them as subjects. Assent by itself is not adequate, however. If assent is given, informed consent must still be obtained from the subjects parents or guardian (Domholdt, 2000). Ethical issues will arise throughout the research process, from initial planning to writing up and data analysis, due to interviews concerning private experience (Kvale, 2007). The researchers will respect the privacy of the participants by making it clear to them that they are free to decide what information they wish to share with the researcher and that they should feel under no pressure or obligation to discuss matters that they do not wish too. Data regarding the patient, family or the community, which will have the potential to identify them, will be omitted, Indication of any risks and benefits to participants and/or researcher The possible risk to the participant is the discussion of sensitive issues, due to the nature of the research and the psychological aspect of discussing experiences. If distress occurs then the researcher can either stop the activity or will move on to the next area. It will be made clear to participants that they can decline to answer particular questions or discuss particular topics (Wiles et al, 2007). Moreover the non-therapeutic approach, whilst designed to advance knowledge and therefore be of collective benefit, it is not expected to give a direct benefit to the research subject (Wiles, Crow, Charles, Heath, 2007). The risk to the researcher is conducting the study in the participants home, the researcher will have to abide by the Suzy Lamplugh Trust lone worker policy (Suzy Lamplugh Trust, 2012) (appendix 4 ) therefore a full risk assessment will need to be completed. Additionally the researcher will indemnifying against risk, to either the researcher or to participants, by taking out insurance for a period of time limited to the research process. Consideration of issues of confidentiality and data security In order to protect confidentiality, the researcher will identify the subjects for this study by the role that the participants fulfil in the family for example mother, son or daughter. Once all data is collected and analysed the interviews will be transcribed, and the audio tapes will be stored in a locked, secure location until the study is completed, after completion, the primary data will be destroyed and all other data will be destroyed and discarded according to data protocol up to two years (Brunel University West London, 2010). Materials or equipment The interviewer is the instrument in this type of evaluation; the instrument can be affected by factors like fatigue, personality, and knowledge, as well as levels of skill, training, and experience. According to (McNamara, 2009), the strength of the general interview guide approach is the ability of the researcher to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee. The equipment required to analyse the data is software for qualitative data analysis which is ATLAS.ti 7, as a tool for enhancing rigour this software is available at Brunel University (Atlas.ti Qualitative Data Analysis, 2012). The training implications required is a one hour training session. Additionally an audio tape recorder is required for the semi-structured interview; a limitation is that the interviewees may be unable to put their thoughts into words and difficulties of analysing data from semi-structured interviews (Atlas.ti Qualitative Data Analysis, 2012). Comprehensive description of Procedures The study will consist of 45 weeks part-time work (appendix 9) the research will be advertised through flyers and posters at the mental health day centre after seeking approval from the day centre (gatekeepers), The recruitment drive will be for two months via dually diagnosed participation at mental health day centre which the researchers have no affiliation too

Aims of Training and Development Essay -- Business and Management Stud

Aims of Training and Development Training can be teaching employees new skills that are relevant to their current job position or refreshing the skills that they already possess. To have a good training and development programme enables firms to develop individual employees and the organisation itself as training is one of the best forms of motivation. Employees are able to broaden their knowledge and become more valued within the firm. Having a well-trained workforce is greatly beneficial for a company as employees are likely to be more motivated and target driven. Also various jobs and tasks are likely to be carried out more efficiently if the workforce is highly skilled at what they do. Listed below are some off the main benefits to a company in having a well-trained workforce: - Training and development will enable a company to have a much more flexible workforce - Employees will become more motivated and are then likely to be more productive - If employees are offered advanced training in areas such as ICT, HSBC may find that can progress further as a firm into more advanced markets - If employees are motivated and comfortable in the work they do there will be a fall in absenteeism - If employees are properly trained in health and safety accidents around the workplace will be reduced Ø Types of Training The three main types of training that companies offer are: - Induction Training - On-the-job Training - Off-the-job Training Induction Training This involves introducing new employees to the workplace, existing employees and showing them what the job will entail. It is important that the they get an idea of how the company is run, the companies history and that they get familiar with the services and products the company offer. During the induction process employees will be shown health and safety procedures and the basic layout of the workplace. This is so they know where an appropriate member of staff if a problem was to occur. The induction process allows employees to gain essential knowledge before starting their job and ensures safety and maintenance in the workplace. On-the-job Training During on-the-job training employees are taught the skills and techniques they need while actually carrying out their job. Types of on-the-job training include Coaching and Mentori... ...nowledge and this will depend on their learning ability and training needs. To plan this properly HSBC design a training and development plan and use it to summarise the required financial support. The training is split into: Ø Training and Competence Ø Management Development Ø Supervision/team leader courses Ø Professional qualifications Ø Maintenance of professional knowledge Ø Learning Centre Ø Individual training needs – HSBC Ø Individual training needs – external The finance department will budget a certain amount for training and the training department will have to make sure they stick to it. This means that the training department would have to justify all costs associated with the various training and development methods. They would have to assess how many hours and how many workers the training will use to get a rough idea of the cost. Clearwater Strategy HSBC use a strategy known as â€Å"Clearwater†. This is a strategy for differentiating the bank from its competitors through the provision of high quality customer service. This would create an environment conducive to increased sales producing income growth and thus increased profitability.